Machine learning models are typically evaluated by computing similarity with reference annotations and trained by maximizing similarity with such. Especially in the bio-medical domain, annotations are subjective and suffer from low inter- and intra-rater reliability. Since annotations only reflect the annotation entity's interpretation of the real world, this can lead to sub-optimal predictions even though the model achieves high similarity scores. Here, the theoretical concept of Peak Ground Truth (PGT) is introduced. PGT marks the point beyond which an increase in similarity with the reference annotation stops translating to better Real World Model Performance (RWMP). Additionally, a quantitative technique to approximate PGT by computing inter- and intra-rater reliability is proposed. Finally, three categories of PGT-aware strategies to evaluate and improve model performance are reviewed.

Quantifying the perceptual similarity of two images is a long-standing problem in low-level computer vision. The natural image domain commonly relies on supervised learning, e.g., a pre-trained VGG, to obtain a latent representation. However, due to domain shift, pre-trained models from the natural image domain might not apply to other image domains, such as medical imaging. Notably, in medical imaging, evaluating the perceptual similarity is exclusively performed by specialists trained extensively in diverse medical fields. Thus, medical imaging remains devoid of task-specific, objective perceptual measures. This work answers the question: Is it necessary to rely on supervised learning to obtain an effective representation that could measure perceptual similarity, or is self-supervision sufficient? To understand whether recent contrastive self-supervised representation (CSR) may come to the rescue, we start with natural images and systematically evaluate CSR as a metric across numerous contemporary architectures and tasks and compare them with existing methods. We find that in the natural image domain, CSR behaves on par with the supervised one on several perceptual tests as a metric, and in the medical domain, CSR better quantifies perceptual similarity concerning the experts' ratings. We also demonstrate that CSR can significantly improve image quality in two image synthesis tasks. Finally, our extensive results suggest that perceptuality is an emergent property of CSR, which can be adapted to many image domains without requiring annotations.

脑小血管疾病的成像标记提供了有关脑部健康的宝贵信息，但是它们的手动评估既耗时又受到实质性内部和间际变异性的阻碍。自动化评级可能受益于生物医学研究以及临床评估，但是现有算法的诊断可靠性尚不清楚。在这里，我们介绍了\ textIt {血管病变检测和分割}（\ textit {v textit {where valdo？}）挑战，该挑战是在国际医学图像计算和计算机辅助干预措施（MICCAI）的卫星事件中运行的挑战（MICCAI） 2021.这一挑战旨在促进大脑小血管疾病的小而稀疏成像标记的自动检测和分割方法的开发，即周围空间扩大（EPVS）（任务1），脑微粒（任务2）和预先塑造的鞋类血管起源（任务3），同时利用弱和嘈杂的标签。总体而言，有12个团队参与了针对一个或多个任务的解决方案的挑战（任务1 -EPVS 4，任务2 -Microbleeds的9个，任务3 -lacunes的6个）。多方数据都用于培训和评估。结果表明，整个团队和跨任务的性能都有很大的差异，对于任务1- EPV和任务2-微型微型且对任务3 -lacunes尚无实际的结果，其结果尤其有望。它还强调了可能阻止个人级别使用的情况的性能不一致，同时仍证明在人群层面上有用。

磁共振成像（MRI）是中风成像的中心方式。它被用来接受患者的治疗决定，例如选择患者进行静脉溶栓或血管内治疗。随后在住院期间使用MRI来通过可视化梗塞核心大小和位置来预测结果。此外，它可以用来表征中风病因，例如（心脏） - 栓塞和非胚胎中风之间的区分。基于计算机的自动医疗图像处理越来越多地进入临床常规。缺血性中风病变分割（ISLE）挑战的先前迭代有助于生成鉴定急性和急性缺血性中风病变分割的基准方法。在这里，我们介绍了一个专家注册的多中心MRI数据集，以分割急性到亚急性中风病变。该数据集包括400个多供应商MRI案例，中风病变大小，数量和位置的可变性很高。它分为n = 250的训练数据集和n = 150的测试数据集。所有培训数据将公开可用。测试数据集将仅用于模型验证，并且不会向公众发布。该数据集是Isles 2022挑战的基础，目的是找到算法方法，以实现缺血性中风的稳健和准确分割算法的开发和基准测试。

人类评分是分割质量的抽象表示。为了近似于稀缺专家数据的人类质量评级，我们训练替代质量估计模型。我们根据Brats注释方案评估复杂的多级分割问题，特别是神经胶质瘤分割。培训数据以15位专家神经放射科学家的质量评级为特征，范围从1到6星，用于各种计算机生成和手动3D注释。即使网络在2D图像上运行并使用稀缺的训练数据，我们也可以在与人类内部内可靠性相当的错误范围内近似分段质量。细分质量预测具有广泛的应用。虽然对分割质量的理解对于成功分割质量算法的成功临床翻译至关重要，但它可以在培训新的分割模型中发挥至关重要的作用。由于推断时间分裂，可以直接在损失函数中或在联合学习设置中作为完全自动的数据集策划机制。

事实证明，深度卷积神经网络在语义分割任务中非常有效。引入了最流行的损失功能，以提高体积分数，例如Sorensen骰子系数。根据设计，DSC可以解决类不平衡；但是，它不能识别类中的实例不平衡。结果，大型前景实例可以主导次要实例，并且仍然产生令人满意的Sorensen骰子系数。然而，错过实例将导致检测性能不佳。这代表了诸如疾病进展监测等应用中的一个关键问题。例如，必须在多发性硬化症患者的随访中定位和监视小规模病变。我们提出了一个新型的损失功能家族，绰号斑点损失，主要旨在最大化实例级检测指标，例如F1得分和灵敏度。 BLOB损失是针对语义分割问题而设计的，其中实例是类中连接的组件。我们在五个复杂的3D语义分割任务中广泛评估了基于DSC的斑点损失，这些任务具有明显的实例异质性，从纹理和形态上讲。与软骰子损失相比，我们的MS病变改善了5％，肝肿瘤改善了3％，考虑F1分数的显微镜细分任务平均提高了2％。

纵向脑磁共振成像（MRI）含有病理扫描的登记是由于组织外观变化而挑战，仍然是未解决的问题。本文介绍了第一脑肿瘤序列登记（Brats-Reg）挑战，重点是估计诊断患有脑弥漫性胶质瘤的同一患者的术前和后续扫描之间的对应关系。 Brats-Reg挑战打算建立可变形登记算法的公共基准环境。关联的数据集包括根据公共解剖模板，为每个扫描的大小和分辨率策划的DE识别的多机构多参数MRI（MPMRI）数据。临床专家在扫描内产生了广泛的标志标记点，描述了跨时域的不同解剖位置。培训数据以及这些地面真相注释将被释放给参与者来设计和开发他们的注册算法，而组织者将扣留验证和测试数据的注释，并用于评估参与者的集装箱化算法。每个所提交的算法都将使用几个度量来定量评估，例如中位绝对误差（MAE），鲁棒性和雅可比的决定因素。

我们为联合学习提出了一个简单的新聚合策略，赢得了米奇联邦肿瘤细分挑战2021（FETS），这是对机器学习界联盟学习的首次挑战。我们的方法解决了如何聚合在不同数据集上培训的多个模型的问题。概念上，我们提出了一种在平均不同模型时选择重量的新方法，从而扩展了最新的艺术状态（FADVG）。实证验证表明，与FEDAVG相比，我们的方法达到了分割性能的显着改善。

通过进入肿瘤细胞浓度的空间分布，诊断患有脑肿瘤的患者的目前的治疗计划可显着受益。现有的诊断方式，例如磁共振成像（MRI），对比具有高细胞密度的井区域。然而，它们不会描绘低浓度的区域，这通常可以用作治疗后肿瘤的二次出现的来源。肿瘤生长的数值模拟通过提供肿瘤细胞的全部空间分布估计来补充成像信息。近年来，发表了一种基于医学形象的肿瘤建模的文献语料。它包括描述前向肿瘤生长模型的不同数学形式主义。除了旁边，开发了各种参数推断方案以进行高效的肿瘤模型个性化，即解决逆问题。然而，所有现有方法的统一缺点是模型个性化的时间复杂性，禁止建模潜在集成到临床环境中。在这项工作中，我们介绍了一种方法论从T1GD和Flair MRI医学扫描中介绍了推断脑肿瘤的特异性空间分布。作为\ Textit {Learn-Morph-推断}该方法按照广泛可用的硬件的分钟顺序实现实时性能，并且在不同复杂性的肿瘤模型中，计算时间稳定，例如反应 - 扩散和反应 - 平程 - 扩散模型。我们相信拟议的逆解决方案方法不仅弥合脑肿瘤个性化的临床翻译方式，而且也可以通过其他科学和工程领域来采用。

Accurate PhotoVoltaic (PV) power generation forecasting is vital for the efficient operation of Smart Grids. The automated design of such accurate forecasting models for individual PV plants includes two challenges: First, information about the PV mounting configuration (i.e. inclination and azimuth angles) is often missing. Second, for new PV plants, the amount of historical data available to train a forecasting model is limited (cold-start problem). We address these two challenges by proposing a new method for day-ahead PV power generation forecasts called AutoPV. AutoPV is a weighted ensemble of forecasting models that represent different PV mounting configurations. This representation is achieved by pre-training each forecasting model on a separate PV plant and by scaling the model's output with the peak power rating of the corresponding PV plant. To tackle the cold-start problem, we initially weight each forecasting model in the ensemble equally. To tackle the problem of missing information about the PV mounting configuration, we use new data that become available during operation to adapt the ensemble weights to minimize the forecasting error. AutoPV is advantageous as the unknown PV mounting configuration is implicitly reflected in the ensemble weights, and only the PV plant's peak power rating is required to re-scale the ensemble's output. AutoPV also allows to represent PV plants with panels distributed on different roofs with varying alignments, as these mounting configurations can be reflected proportionally in the weighting. Additionally, the required computing memory is decoupled when scaling AutoPV to hundreds of PV plants, which is beneficial in Smart Grids with limited computing capabilities. For a real-world data set with 11 PV plants, the accuracy of AutoPV is comparable to a model trained on two years of data and outperforms an incrementally trained model.